Capacitance

You need high capacitance for your electric cars and solar chargers. Electricity may be cheaper, and you have your own energy. Independence is democratic flows, but it depends on technological innovation. You need efficient batteries.

C=εA/d

C is capacitance, ε is dielectric constant. Electron move to A, and d is the distance.

C=Q/V

V is voltage. Q is the ratio of the maximum charge.

σ=Q/A

σ is the surface charge density.

This is nonlinear and a Taylor series.

δ→0 is very small, so you can ignore but electron jump to A for energy efficiency.

d should be narrowed. Electrons flow like water to black pole (+) even in low voltage. This is called tunneling effect. You see solar chargers.

The voltage provided by the battery pushes electrons along the negative direction.